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The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland. The unicameral parliament of Scotland is first found on record during the early 13th century, with the first meeting for which a primary source survives (referred to, like the contemporaneous Parliament of England, as a ''colloquium'' in the surviving Latin records) at Kirkliston (a small town now on the outskirts of Edinburgh) in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland.〔K. Brown and R. Tanner, ''History of the Scottish Parliament'', i, 'introduction'.〕 The parliament, which is also referred to as the ''Estates of Scotland'', the ''Community of the Realm'', the ''Three Estates'' (), the ''Scots Parliament'', or the ''auld Scots Parliament'' ((英語:old)), met until prorogued ''sine die'' at the time of the Acts of Union in 1707. Thereafter the Parliament of Great Britain operated for both England and Scotland, thus creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain.〔Mann, Alastair, "A Brief History of an Ancient Institution: The Scottish Parliament", ''Scottish Parliamentary Review'', Vol. I, No. 1 (June, 2013) (Blacket Avenue Press )〕 The pre-Union parliament was long portrayed as a constitutionally defective body〔R. Rait, 'Parliaments of Scotland' (1928)〕 that acted merely as a rubber stamp for royal decisions, but research during the early 21st century has found that it played an active role in Scottish affairs, and was sometimes a thorn in the side of the Scottish crown.〔Brown and Tanner, passim; R. Tanner, ''The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament'', ''passim''; K. Brown and A. Mann, ''History of the Scottish Parliament'', ii, ''passim''〕 == Three Estates == The members were collectively referred to as the Three Estates (), or 'community of the realm' (''tres communitates''), composed of until 1690: * the ''first estate'' of prelates (bishops and abbots) * the ''second estate'' of the nobility (dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, parliamentary peers (after 1437) and lay tenants-in-chief) * the ''third estate'' of Burgh Commissioners (representatives chosen by the royal burghs)〔(Rait, Parliaments of Scotland, ''passim''; )〕 The bishops and abbots of the First Estate were the thirteen medieval bishops of Aberdeen, Argyll, Brechin, Caithness, Dunblane, Dunkeld, Galloway, Glasgow, Isles (Sodor), Moray, Orkney, Ross and St Andrews and the mitred abbots of Arbroath, Cambuskenneth, Coupar Angus, Dunfermline, Holyrood, Iona, Kelso, Kilwinning, Kinloss, Lindores, Paisley, Melrose, Scone, St Andrews Priory and Sweetheart.〔 pp. 67–97〕 The First Estate ended when Charles I moved the parliament in 1638 and made it an entirely lay assembly.〔(A Short History of the Scottish Parliament ) from ''The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland'' retrieved 22 October 2013〕 Later, the bishops themselves were removed from the Church of Scotland during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William of Orange.〔Kidd, Colin ''Subverting Scotland's Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity 1689–1830'' Cambridge University Press (2003) p. 133〕 The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three. From the 16th century, the ''second estate'' was reorganised by the selection of Shire Commissioners: this has been argued to have created a ''fourth estate''. During the 17th century, after the Union of the Crowns, a ''fifth estate'' of royal office holders (see Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland) has also been identified. These latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be 'the Three Estates'.〔The 'fourth' estate argument is primarily favoured by Julian Goodare, and disputed by Keith Brown. A summary of the most recent research can be found in Brown and Mann, History of the Scottish Parliament, ii.〕 A ''Shire Commissioner'' was the closest equivalent of the English office of ''Member of Parliament'', namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility. Because the parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber, as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Parliament of Scotland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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